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False Northing An element of a coordinate system definition. False northing is the value added to all y-coordinates to create a coordinate system with no negative y-values in the geographic region for which it is designed. While all coordinate system definitions make provisions for a false northing, it is often set to zero to disable this feature. Typography The art of typesetting, including the style, appearance, printing and the use of type. In cartography the basic methods of type production are: hand lettering, stencilled lettering (e.g. Rapidograph and Leroy), preprinted lettering (e.g. Letraset), mechanical or optical type setting equipment (e.g. Linotype and Linofilm), and type produced digitally or stored as a graphic element in an automated cartographic system (e.g. Compugraphic and ARC/INFO annotation). Type is used extensively on maps to identify a variety of geographical features, therefore, the choice and placement of type requires important consideration. Effectively used type is essential for good communication by a map. Equidistant Projection A projection that accurately preserves the distance between certain objects. All projections introduce some distortion into the Cartesian results; to a certain degree, however, the mathematics chosen can eliminate certain types of distortion while introducing other types of distortion. An equidistant projection preserves the distance between certain objects. For example, such projections can preserve the distance of all points to a specific point, such as the origin of the coordinate system; or preserve the correct distance between all points on the same meridian.  Next Section
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